Clock Tower of London

If you’ve ever been to London, or even seen a picture of London, you’ve probably seen the giant clock tower at the corner of the Palace of Westminster. This tower is one of London’s major icons, ranking right up there with red double-decker buses, the London Eye, and Platform 9 ¾.

Contrary to popular belief, the clock tower itself is not named “Big Ben”. Rather, it is named “Elizabeth Tower”, after Queen Elizabeth II; named such during her Diamond Jubilee (the 2012 60th anniversary of her accession to the throne). Before that, it was just called “Clock Tower”. So why is it so often called “Big Ben”? That is due to the great bell inside the tower that chimes the hour out and goes by that name. Over time this has morphed into many calling the clock tower itself that even today, despite the recent, very public, name change.

So how did “Big Ben”- the great bell- get its name? People seemed to be in the habit of nicknaming giant bells and Big Ben was one of the biggest in the world and the largest in the British Isles at the time of its casting, so certainly name-worthy. The origin of Big Ben’s name is probably rooted in Sir Benjamin Hall. Hall was reportedly a large man (6 ft. 4 in. or 1.93 m, with a girth to match) and was the first Commissioner of Works, affectionately known as “Big Ben.”

On the side of the great bell there was also supposedly the inscription “Sir Benjamin Hall MP Chief Commissioner of Works” in his honor, so the workers and others took to calling the bell “Big Ben”.

If you’re wondering why that text is not inscribed there anymore (if it ever truly was), it’s because the current Big Ben is not the original. The original bell actually cracked before the clock itself was even installed in the tower (more on this later). As to why the name supposedly was inscribed on the first and not the second bell, the reason often given is that Sir Hall was no longer the Chief Commissioner when the second bell was cast. In addition, different founders were used to cast the second bell, so they may not have felt inclined to put the inscription on.

As there is little documented evidence on the origin of the name “Big Ben”, we can’t say for 100% certainty that it was named after Sir Benjamin Hall. Another possibility that has been proposed is that it was named after Benjamin Caunt, a very popular heavyweight boxing champion in the 1850s, who was also nicknamed “Big Ben”.

Yet another popular theory is that it was named in 1857 during a sitting of the House of Commons. At some point someone, tired of the long meeting over the naming of the great bell, just shouted “Why not call it Big Ben?” as a joke while Sir Benjamin Hall was talking. However, if such a thing actually happened, there should be Parliament records of this, but there is not. Thus, it’s thought the original Hall inscription story is more likely; though in both that story and the Parliament story, it was named after Sir Hall who was integrally connected with the building of the tower, clock, and bells.

As to why the clock tower was built in the first place, in 1834, a fire destroyed the Palace of Westminster—then the seat of the British government—leaving only a few parts of the palace standing. The next year, with reconstruction well on its way, Parliament opted to include a clock tower in the redesign. It wasn’t the first clock tower that the parliament buildings had seen. The first one was built between 1288 and 1290 and contained a bell known as “Great Edward” or “Great Tom.” A second tower, containing the first public chiming clock in England, replaced the first in 1367. In 1707, that tower was demolished because it had fallen into disrepair. Instead of replacing the tower with another, a sundial was put up in its place.

After the fire, Sir Charles Barry’s design for the new Houses of Parliament was chosen out of 97 designs submitted for consideration- his design didn’t originally include a clock tower. He added one in 1836 and later drew up a detailed design with the help of Augustus Pugin. Pugin was never recognized by Barry for supplying the design for the clock, despite Pugin saying, “I never worked so hard in my life as for Mr. Barry for tomorrow I render all the designs for finishing his bell tower & it is beautiful…”

The tower was Pugin’s last design. In 1852, before work on the tower was completed, Pugin suffered a breakdown. He was unable to speak coherently or recognize his family, and died several months later despite attempted therapy. He was only forty years old and never knew how famous his last design would become.

Besides Pugin’s work, Sir Charles Barry also sought additional help when it came to the actual clock mechanism itself. He chose Benjamin Lewis Vuillamy, who was the Queen’s clockmaker, to work on a design, though other clockmakers were also brought in to give their advice and opinions. In 1846, a competition was held to see who would build the clock, but some amazingly tough standards- for the age- were set by the Astronomer Royal, Sir George Airy. Airy stated that the clock needed to strike the hour within one second’s accuracy, and the performance of the clock was to be telegraphed to the Greenwich Observatory twice daily. This harsh criteria caused seven years of delay.

When Edward John Dent was finally appointed to build the clock in 1852, he found that the tower was too small for the initial clock design. This caused further delays and alterations had to be made to the tune of £100 (adjusted for inflation by average earnings, that’s about £69, 000 today). To top it all off, after finally getting construction underway, Dent died the next year and his stepson had to take over. The clock was finally finished in 1854, costing a total of £2500 to make.

The clock’s delay didn’t end up mattering very much, as the clock tower itself had suffered delays as well. The clock wasn’t actually installed until 1859. During the two-year wait, modifications were made to meet the Astronomer Royal’s standards. For instance, Edmund Beckett Denison invented a “Double Three-Legged Gravity Escapement” for the clock which made sure that the pendulum wasn’t affected by wind or other external factors putting pressure on the clock’s hands. Also known as the Grimthorpe Escapement, this revolutionary invention is still used on many clocks throughout the world today.

When the clock was finally installed in April 1859, it didn’t work. The original cast iron hands were too heavy to keep time and had to be replaced by lighter copper hands. At last, on May 31, 1859, the clock began successfully keeping time. But the tower wasn’t yet completed—it also needed a bell.

Like the rest of the features of the tower, the great bell also suffered delays. The first great bell was cast in 1856 and hung in the New Palace Yard where it was tested every day. On October 17, 1857, as mentioned previously, a crack over a metre long appeared on the bell. Fingers were pointed, but no one fessed up. Because the original bell casters—the Warners—asked for too much to replace the bell, the Whitechapel Foundry got the job for the replacement. The second bell weighed 2.5 tonnes less than the first (13.5 tons instead of 16), but it was still so large that it took thirty hours to winch it up to the belfry in the tower.